which were developed and handed down across generations from Hillel himself to his son Shimon, then to his grandson Gamliel I (or Gamliel the Elder), and then passed on personally to Shaul. When Friedman sets these Jewish writings alongside Shaul’s own words from Pauline texts (1 Thess. 3:10; Gal. 6:1; Eph. 4:2; 1 Cor. 10:25–31; 2 Cor. 3:1–5; 10:3–5; 1 Tim. 2:1–2, 15; 3:2–6; 4:12; 6:10; 2 Tim. 2:24–25; Rom. 12:15; 13:3–7), it becomes obvious that Paul shared Gamliel’s approach to Torah, Gamliel’s
Page 2